'Cultural convergence in Bactria: the votives from the Temple of the Oxus at Takht-i Sangin'
2011, in A. Kouremenos, S. Chandrasekaran & R. Rossi ed. 'From Pella to Gandhara: Hybridization and Identity in the Art and Architecture of the Hellenistic East'
Abstract
ISBN 978 1 4073 0779 4 Cover image: 'Cybele Plate' (silver and gold, d. 25 cm, c. 3rd B.C.) from Ai Khanum, the Temple with Indented Niches.
Key takeaways
AI
AI
- Cultural hybridity in Bactria reflects complex interactions post-Macedonian conquest, particularly at Takht-i Sangin.
- The votives from the Temple of the Oxus illustrate diverse cultural influences, including Greek, Iranian, and Indian.
- Over 5,000 weaponry items found suggest significant military dedication practices, uncommon in Achaemenid religious contexts.
- Material culture indicates varied dedicator identities, challenging previous perceptions of Greco-Macedonian dominance.
- The evidence calls for a nuanced understanding of cultural exchange, avoiding simplistic hybridization theories.
References (67)
- Sekunda 1994, 19.
- A common occurrence in the 'Wars of the Successors', and also seen in situations such as Greek mercenaries fighting for Darius against Alexander (Arrian Anabasis, 3.11) or the forces of Euthydemos I against Antiochus III's army (Polybius, 10.49).
- Zeĭmal 1985, 97; Pičikjan 1992, fig.20.
- Pičikjan 1992, fig.20; Rapin 1992, pl.126; Rapin 1995, 277.
- Rapin 1992, ch.19, Cambon 2007, 231-236.
- BENTLEY, R. 2008. Handbook of archaeological theories. Plymouth.
- BERNARD, P. 1966. Première campagne de fouilles d'Aï Khanoum. Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, 127- 133.
- BERNARD, P. 1969. Quatrième campagne de fouilles d'Aï Khanoum (Bactriane). Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles- lettres, 13-356.
- BERNARD, P. 1970. Campagne de Fouilles 1969 à Aï Khanoum en Afghanistan. Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles- lettres, 301-349.
- BERNARD, P. 1987. Le Marsyas d'Apamée, l'Oxus et la colonisation séleucide en Bactriane. Studia Iranica 16, 103-115.
- BERNARD P. 1994. Le temple du dieu Oxus à Takht-i Sangin en Bactriane: temple du feu ou pas? Studia Iranica 23, 81-121.
- BHABHA, H. 1994. The Location of Culture. London.
- CALLIERI, P. 2007. L'archéologie du Fārs à l'époque hellénistique: quatre leçons au Collège de France, 8, 15, 22 et 29 mars 2007. Paris.
- CAMBON, P. (ed.), 2007. Hidden Afghanistan. Amsterdam.
- COHEN, A. 1997. The Alexander Mosaic: Stories of Victory and Defeat. Cambridge.
- DROYSEN, J.G. 1836. Geschichte des Hellenismus. Hamburg.
- DRUJININA, A. 2001. Die Ausgrabungen in Taxt-i Sangīn im Oxus-Tempelbereich (Süd-Tadžikistan). Vorbericht der Kampagnen 1998-1999. Archäo- logische Mitteilungen aus Iran 33, 257-282.
- DRUJININA, A. and BOROFFKA, N.R. 2006. First preliminary report on the excavations in Takht-i Sangin 2004. Bulletin of the Miho Museum 6, 57-69.
- DRUJININA, A. 2008. Gussform mit griechischer Inschrift aus dem Oxus-Tempel. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 40, 121-135.
- DRUJININA, A. 2009. Wohnen im hellenistischen Baktrien -Wohnhäuser in der Stadt Oxeiane (Tachti Sangin). In S. Hansen, A. Wieczorek and M. Tellenbach (eds.), Alexander der Große und die Öffnung der Welt: Asiens Kulturen im Wandel, 177- 181. Mannheim.
- GHIRSHMAN, R. 1976. Terrasses sacrées de Bard-è Néchandeh et Masjid-i Solaiman: l'Iran du sud-ouest du VIIIe s. av. n. ère au Ve s. de n. ère. Paris.
- HALL, J.M. 2002. Hellenicity: between ethnicity and culture. Chicago.
- JONES, S. 1997. The Archaeology of Ethnicity: constructing identities in the past and present. London.
- JUHEL, P. 2009. The Regulation Helmet of the Phalanx and the Introduction of the Concept of Uniform in the Macedonian Army at the End of the Reign of Alexander the Great. Klio 91.2, 342-355.
- LANGDON, S. 2008. Art and Identity in Dark Age Greece, 1100-700 BCE. Cambridge.
- LINDSTRÖM, G. 2009a. Heiligtümer und Kulte im hellenistischen Baktrien und Babylonien -ein Vergleich. In S. Hansen, A. Wieczorek and M. Tellenbach (eds.), Alexander der Große und die Öffnung der Welt: Asiens Kulturen im Wandel, 127- 133. Mannheim.
- LINDSTRÖM, G. 2009b. Der Oxos-Tempel in Tacht-i Sangin. In S. Hansen, A. Wieczorek and M. Tellenbach (eds.), Alexander der Große und die Öffnung der Welt: Asiens Kulturen im Wandel, 350- 371. Mannheim.
- LIPPOLIS, C. 2004. Nisa-Mithradatkert: scavi 2002- 2003 nell'edificio a nord della Sala Rotonda. Parthica 6, 161-177.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. 2000. A Finial from the Temple of the Oxus in Bactria. Parthica 2, 131-141.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. 2001. Ėllinisticheskiǐ khram Oksa v Baktrii (Yuzhnyǐ Tadzhikistan): Baktriǐskoe vooruzhenie v drevnevostochnom i grecheskom kontekste. Moscow.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. and PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1980. Monuments of art from the sanctuary of Oxus (North Bactria). Acta archaeological Academiae scientarum Hungaricae XXVII, 25-83.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. and PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1992a. Pantherae antesedentes. A Corinthian motif in Bactria. East and West 42, 69-84.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. and PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1992b. Gold Plates from the Oxus Temple (Northern Bactria). Vestnik Drevnej Istorii, 94-111.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. and PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1994. The Hellenistic architecture and art of the Temple of the Oxus. Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8, 47-66.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. and PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1995a. An Achaemenian griffin-handle from the temple of the Oxus. The makhaira in northern Bactria. In A. Invernizzi (ed.), In the land of the gryphons. Papers on Central Asian archaeology in antiquity, 107-128.
- Florence.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. and PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1995b. River deities of Greece salute the god of the river Oxus- Vakhsh. Achelous and the hippocampess. In A. Invernizzi (ed.), In the land of the gryphons. Papers on Central Asian archaeology in antiquity, 129-149.
- Florence.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. and PIČIKJAN, I.R. 2000. Ėllinisticheskiǐ khram Oksa v Baktrii (Yuzhnyǐ Tadzhikistan): Raskopki, arkhitektura, religioznaia zhizn. Moscow.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A. and PIČIKJAN, I.R. 2006. Bronze appliqués of Erotes from the Temple of the Oxus. Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology 1, 85- 88.
- LITVINSKIJ, B.A., VINOGRADOV, Yu.G., PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1985. The votive offering of Atrosokes, from the temple of Oxus in Northern Bactria. Vestnik Drevnej Istorii 1985.4, 85-110.
- MAIRS, R.R. 2008. Greek Identity and the Settler Community in Hellenistic Bactria and Arachosia. Migrations and Identities 1, 19-43.
- MALKIN, I. 2004. Postcolonial concepts and Ancient Greek colonisation. Modern Language Quarterly 65.3, 341-364.
- MARTINEZ-SÈVE, L. 2002. Les figurines de Suse: de l'époque néo-élamite à l'époque sassanide. Paris.
- MASSON, M.E. and PUGACHENKOVA, G.A. 1982. The Parthian Rhytons of Nisa. Florence.
- McKENZIE, J. 2007. The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt c.300 BC -AD 700. New Haven.
- NARAIN, A.K. 1957. The Indo-Greeks. Oxford.
- PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1987a. The Oxus Temple Composition in the Context of Architectural Comparison. International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia. Information Bulletin 12, 42-55.
- PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1987b. The Graeco-Bactrian Altars in the Temple of the Oxus (Northern Bactria). International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia. Information Bulletin 12, 56-64.
- PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1992. Oxos-Schatz und Oxos-Tempel: Achämenidische Kunst in Mittelasien. Berlin.
- PIČIKJAN, I.R. 1996. Neue Entdeckungen in Baktrien und die hellenistische Kultur. In B. Funck (ed.), Hellenismus: Beiträge zur Erforschung von Akkultu- ration und politischer Ordnung in den Staaten des hellenistischer Zeitalters: Akten des Internationalen Hellenismus-Kolloqiums, 9-14 März 1994 in Berlin, 77-90. Berlin.
- PILIPKO, V. 1995. 'Clay sculptures from Nisa.' In A. Invernizzi (ed.) In the land of the gryphons. Papers on Central Asian archaeology in antiquity, 13-21.
- Florence.
- PRITCHETT, W.K. 1979. The Greek State at War III. Berkeley.
- PUGACHENKOVA, G.A. 1971. Skulptura Khalchaya- na. Moscow.
- RAPIN, C. 1992. Fouilles d'Ai Khanoum VIII: La trésorie du palais hellenistique d'Ai Khanoum, l'apogée et la chute du royaume grec de Bactriane. Paris.
- RAPIN, C. 1995. Hinduism in the Indo-Greek area: Notes on some Indian finds from Bactria and on two temples in Taxila. In A. Invernizzi (ed.), In the land of the gryphons. Papers on Central Asian archaeology in antiquity, 275-292. Florence.
- REVELL, L. 2009. Roman Imperialism and Local Identities. Cambridge.
- ROSTOVTZEFF, M. 1929. The Animal Style in South Russia and China: being the material of a course of lectures delivered in August 1925 at Princeton University under the auspices of the Harvard- Princeton Fine Arts Club. Princeton.
- SCHMIDT, E.F. 1953: Persepolis I: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions. Chicago.
- SEKUNDA, N. 1994: Seleucid and Ptolemaic Reformed armies 168-145 BC. Volume 1: The Seleucid Army under Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Stockport.
- SEKUNDA, N. 2002. The birth and diffusion of Greek civilisation. In Treasures of Ancient Bactria, 22-58. Shigaraki.
- SIMS-WILLIAMS, N. and CRIBB, J. 1996. A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great. In Silk Road Art and Archaeology 4, 75-142.
- SMITH, R.R.R. 1991. Hellenistic Sculpture: A handbook. London.
- TARN. W.W. 1938. The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge.
- WALLACE-HADRILL, A. 2008. Rome's Cultural Revolution. Cambridge.
- ZEǏMAL, E. V. 1985. Drevnosti Tadzhikistana: katalog vystavki. Dushanbe.
Rachel Wood





