Abstract
Stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) exhibit significant intraspecific variation in pelage color. Based on their pelage color and geographical distribution, they are classified into 2 subspecies: northern bright brown Macaca arctoides arctoides and southern black Macaca arctoides melanota. However, studies on the natural population are extremely scarce, and researchers have occasionally questioned the subspecific classification. We quantitatively examined pelage color variation of Macaca arctoides in 3 free-ranging populations in Thailand. Pelage color difference between populations is significant. The population distributed south of the Isthmus of Kra showed wide intrapopulational variation, including bright brown, dark brown, and completely black, whereas the northern populations primarily had dark brown hairs. Thus, we conclude that one cannot classify the color variants into subspecies. Further, we hypothesize that the distinctive polymorphism in southern Thailand resulted from geographical isolation caused by the Pleistocene eustatic fluctuations and subsequent recovery of land connection and subsequent gene flow.
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Acknowledgments
We thank staff of Chulalongkorn University and Mahidol Univeristy for their assistance with the field research. The park officers at Khao Krapuk-Khao Taomo Non-hunting Area and the monks of Wat Tham Khao Wong and Wat Tham Khao Daeng kindly supported our research. We thank Dr. H. Endo, Dr. D. Shimizu, Dr. Y. Kawamoto, Dr. M. Matsui, Dr. A. J. Tosi, Dr. T. Mouri, Dr. Y. Kunimatsu, Dr. M. Takai, Dr. M. Aimi, Dr. R. Maathur, Mr. N. Maathur, and Ms. H. Miyoshi for their supportive advice and comments on the work. A Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (grant 16405017 to Y.H.), the Iwadare Foundation Aid (to D. B. Koyabu), and the Thailand Research Fund (grant RSA/02/2545 and RMU4880019 to S. Malaivijinond) provided funds for this research.
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Koyabu, D.B., Malaivijitnond, S. & Hamada, Y. Pelage Color Variation of Macaca arctoides and Its Evolutionary Implications. Int J Primatol 29, 531–541 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-007-9152-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-007-9152-6