Abstract
Focusing on themes of indigeneity, memory, and hybrid identity, this chapter deals with the Zomi–hin–Kuki people of India–Myanmar borderlands, discussing their ethnic rootedness, and their present anxiety for transnational reunification of ‘Zomi’ ethnicity through the demand of ‘Zogam,’ (Zomi Homeland). A major concern behind this mobility is to essentialize the transnational Zominess through reunification. The author further discusses the instance of hybrid combination witnessed in the religious blending of tribal faith, Christianity, and Judaism and espousal of Jewish identity, believed to be central to ethnic ancestry and part of the ‘indigenous’ religion of the Zomi ancestors. The chapter discusses how the search of roots remains the defining discourse of these people who are faced with predicaments of belonging, citizenry, and indigeneity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Assmann, Jan. 2005. Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Barth, Frederick. 1969. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Boston: Little Brown.
Bhabha, Homi. 2007. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.
Carey, B.S. and H.N. Tuck. 1896. Chin Hills: Gazetteer, Vol. I. Rept. 1976 Aizawl: Tribal Research Institute.
Das, N.K. 2016. Indigeneity, Borderlands and Memory of Homeland: A Reappraisal of Zomia Theory vis-à-vis ‘Tribes’ of India-Burma/ Myanmar Frontier. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Vol. 13, No. 2 (July), pp. 51–69.
Das, T.C. 1945. The Purums. Calcutta: University Press.
Doungel, Jangkhongam. 2011. Status of Term ‘Kuki’, https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=RN1Cl9wAAAAJ&hl=en.
Dun, E.W. 1975 [1886]. Gazetteer of Manipur. Delhi: Vivek.
Evans- Pritchard, E.E. 1940. The Nuer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Flynn, Donna K. 1997. We Are the Border. American Ethnologist. Vol. 24, No. 2 (May), pp. 311–330.
Fuchs, S. 1963. The Origin of Man and His Culture. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.
Gangte, Thangkhomang S. 1993. The Kukis of Manipur. New Delhi: Gyan Publisher.
Gangte, T.S. 2003. The Kukis of Manipur: A Historical Analysis. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House.
Gangte, P. 2011. Significance of Kuki Uprising. Journal of North East India Studies. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 61–80.
Gangte, P. 2013. Kuki Nation Towards Political Unity and Consolidation. In Thongkholal Haokip (ed.). The Kukis of Northeast India. New Delhi: Bookwell.
Gougin, T. 1984. History of Zomi. Churachandpur. Author Publication.
Grierson, G. A. 1904. Tibeto-Burman Family: Specimens of the Kuki‐Chin and Burma Groups, Vol. III, Part. III. Calcutta: Government Printing.
Grierson, G.A. 1967 [1904]. Linguistic Survey of India: Tibeto-Burman Family, Vol. 3, Part 3. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
Gupta, Akhil and James Ferguson. 1992. Beyond ‘Culture’: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference. Cultural Anthropology. Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 6–23.
Hall, Stuart. 2017. The Fateful Triangle: Race, Ethnicity, Nation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Haokip, P.S. 2008. Zale’ngam—The Kuki Nation (KNO Publication).
Hmar, Isaac L. 2005. The Jewish Connection: Myth or Reality, http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.essays.Isaac_Hmar.
Hodson, Thomas Callan. 1901. The Native Tribes of Manipur. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 31, pp. 300–309.
Jusho, P.T. Hitson. 2007. Politics of Ethnicity in North-East India. New Delhi: Regency.
Rawlins, John. 1787. On the Manners, Religion, and Laws of the Cuci’s. Asiatick Researches. Calcutta: Manuel Cantopher, M.DCC.XC.
Kammerer, C.A. 1990. Customs and Christian Conversion Among Akha Highlanders of Burma and Thailand. American Ethnologist. Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 277–291.
Khai, Sing Kho. 1984. The Theological Concept of Zo in Chin Tradition and Culture. Unpublished B.R.E thesis, Burma Institute of Theology.
Khai, Sing Khaw. 1995. Zo People and Their Culture. Churachandpur: Khampu Hatzaw.
Kipgen, Mangkhosat. 1997. Christianity and Mizo Culture: The Encounter Between Christianity and Zo Culture in Mizoram. Aizawl: Mizo Theological Conference.
Laisum, David C. 1994. Naming God in Burma Today. Unpublished D. Mins. dissertation, University of Chicago.
Leach, Edmund R. 1954. Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Leach, Edmund 1960. The Frontiers of ‘Burma’. Comparative Studies in History and Society. Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 49–68.
Lehman, F.K. 1963. The Structure of Chin Society: A Tribal People of Burma Adapted to a Non-Western Civilization. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Lehman, F.K. 1997. Review of Kinship, Politics and Law in Naga Society by N.K. Das. Anthropos. Vol. 92, No. (1–3), pp. 233–235.
Lucero, José Antonio. 2014. Friction, Conversion and Contention Prophetic Politics. Latin American Research Review. Vol. 49.
Moerman, Michael. 1968. Being Lue. Berkeley: University of California.
Needham, R. 1958. A Structural Analysis of Purum Society. American Anthropologist, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 75–101.
Oinam, Bhagat. 2003. Patterns of Ethnic Conflict in the North-East: A Study of Manipur. Economic and Political Weekly. Vol. 38, No. 21, pp. 2031–2037.
Parry, N.E. 1932. The Lakhers. London: Macmillan.
Pau, Pum Khan. 2012. Rethinking Religious Conversion Missionary Endeavor and Indigenous Response Among the Zo (Chin) of the India-Burma Borderland. Journal of Religion & Society. Vol. 2, No. 14.
Pudaite, Rochunga. 1963. The Education of the Hmar People. Sielmat: Indo-Burma Pioneer Mission.
Reid, Robert 1942. History of the Frontier Areas Bordering on Assam. Shillong: Assam Government Press.
Rejoinder of Sam G Ngaihte and Golan Suanzamung Naulak, 12 October 2016, https://zogam.com/articles/articles-i/general-articles/3712-rejoinder-to-response-to-a-rejoinder-to-pu-ps-haokip-s.html.
Rigby, G.C. 1897, History of the Operations in Northern Arakan and the Yawdwin Chin Hills. Upper Burma Gazetteer. Rangoon.
Rosaldo, R. 1988. Ideology, Place, and People Without Culture. Cultural Anthropology. Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 77–87.
Sailo, D.B. 1975. The Short History of Menasseh People (Shinlung) North Eastern India. Aizawl.
Sakhong, Lian H. 2003. In Search of Chin Identity: A Study in Religion, Politics and Ethnic Identity in Burma. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
Scott, J. George. 1921. Burma: A Handbook of Practical Information. London: Daniel O’Connor.
Shaw, William. 1929. Notes on Thado-Kukis. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society for Government of Assam.
Shakespear, J. 1912. The Lushei Kuki Clans. London: Macmillan.
Singh, W. Nabakumar. 2004. The Inter-Ethnic Relationship of the Different Communities of Manipur, http://kukiforum.com/2004/12/ethnic-relationship-of-different-communities-in-manipur/.
Smith, Anthony. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations. Oxford: Blackwell.
Soppit, C.A. 1893. A History of Kuki-Lushai Tribes. Shillong: Government Printing.
Suan, Kham Khan H. 2011 Rethinking ‘Tribe’ Identities: The Politics of Recognition Among the Zo in Northeast India. Contributions to Indian Sociology. Vol. 45, pp. 157–187.
Thangtungnung, H. 2013. Hill Politics and Political Movements Among the ZO Tribes. E-Tribal Tribune. Vol. 6, No.1 (October).
Vaiphei, S. Prim. 1995. The Kukis. In Naorem Sanajaoba (ed.). Manipur: Past and Present. New Delhi: Mittal.
Vei Kho Ning. 2009. The People: Kuki/Chin/Zo, http://kukiforum.com/2009/05/the-people-kukichinzo-2/.
Vumson, Suantak. 1986. Zo History. Aizawl: Published by the author.
Weil, Shalva. 1991. Beyond the Sambatyon: The Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes. Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth.
Weil, Shalva 2004. Lost Israelites from North-East India: Re-Traditionalisation and Conversion Among the Shinlungs of Indo-Burmese Borderlands. The Anthropologist. Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 219–233.
Zamzachin, G. 1992. Paite Tanchin: Paite History. Imphal: Rainbow Eye.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Das, N.K. (2021). Indigeneity, Cultural Memory, and Hybrid Identity: Politics of ‘Belonging’ Among Zomi–Chin-Kuki People of India–Myanmar Borderlands. In: Giri, A.K. (eds) Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-7117-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-7118-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)
