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Computers are common in today's world, as they are able to perform a wide variety of tasks quickly and accurately. They are used in many different industries, such as business, healthcare, education, and entertainment, and have become an essential part of daily life for many people. Besides this, they are also used to perform complex scientific and mathematical calculations, to store and process large amounts of data, and to communicate with people around the world.
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Programming involves creating a set of instructions, called a program, for a computer to follow. It can be tedious and frustrating at times because computers are very precise and need specific instructions in order to complete tasks.
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Programming involves creating a set of instructions, called a program, for a computer to follow. Writing a program can be tedious and frustrating at times because computers are very precise and need specific instructions in order to complete tasks.
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JavaScript (_JS for short_) is the programming language that is used to create dynamic interaction while developing webpages, games, applications, and even servers. JavaScript started at Netscape, a web browser developed in the 1990s, and is today one of the most famous and used programming languages.
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Initially, it was created for making webpages alive and was able to run on a browser only. Now, it runs on any device that supports the JavaScript engine. Standard objects such as [Array](./arrays/README.md), [Date](./date-and-time.md), and [Math](./numbers/math.md) are available in JavaScript, as well as operators, control structures, and statements. _Client-side JavaScript_ and _Server-side JavaScript_ are the extended versions of Core JavaScript.
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Initially, it was created for making webpages alive and was able to run only on a browser. Now, it runs on any device that supports the JavaScript engine. Standard objects such as [Array](./arrays/README.md), [Date](./date-and-time.md), and [Math](./numbers/math.md) are available in JavaScript, as well as operators, control structures, and statements. _Client-side JavaScript_ and _Server-side JavaScript_ are the extended versions of core JavaScript.
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*_Client-side JavaScript_ enables the enhancement and manipulation of web pages and client browsers. Responses to user events such as mouse clicks, form input, and page navigation are some of its examples.
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*_Client-side JavaScript_ enables the enhancement and manipulation of web pages, and client browsers. Responses to user events such as mouse clicks, form input, and page navigation are some of its examples.
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*_Server-side JavaScript_ enables access to servers, databases, and file systems.
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JavaScript is an interpreted language. While running Javascript an interpreter interprets each line and runs it. The modern browser uses Just In Time (JIT) technology for compilation, which compiles JavaScript into executable bytecode.
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"LiveScript" was the initial name given to JavaScript.
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{% endhint %}
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This book is divided into three main parts. The first 14 chapters cover the JavaScript language. The following three chapters discuss how JavaScript is used to program web browsers. The final two chapters are miscellaneous, and exercises. Various important topics and cases related to JavaScript programming are described in the Miscellaneous chapter, which is followed exercises.
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This book is divided into three main parts. The first 14 chapters cover the JavaScript language. The following three chapters discuss how JavaScript is used to program web browsers. The final two chapters are miscellaneous, and exercises. Various important topics and cases related to JavaScript programming are described in the Miscellaneous chapter, which is followed by exercises.
Copy file name to clipboardExpand all lines: en/arrays/for-each.md
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numbers.forEach(number=>console.log(number*2));
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```
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 `forEach` does not modify the original array. It simply iterates over the elements of the array and executes the provided function for each element.
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The `forEach` method does not modify the original array. It simply iterates over the elements of the array and executes the provided function for each element.
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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The `forEach()` method is not executed for the empty statment.
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# Indices
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So you have your array of data elements, but what if you want to access a specific element? That is where indices come in. An **index** refers to a spot in the array. indices logically progress one by one, but it should be noted that the first index in an array is 0, as it is in most languages. Brackets `[]` are used to signify you are referring to an index of an array.
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So you have your array of data elements, but what if you want to access a specific element? That is where indices come in. An **index** refers to a spot in the array. Indices logically progress one by one, but it should be noted that the first index in an array is 0, as it is in most languages. Brackets `[]` are used to signify you are referring to an index of an array.
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# Shift
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`shift` deletes the first index of that array and moves all indexes to the left. It changes the original array. Here's the syntax for using `shift`:
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The `shift` method deletes the first index of that array and moves all indexes to the left. It changes the original array. Here's the syntax for using `shift`:
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In JavaScript, comments can be written in 2 different ways:
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*_Single-line comments_: It starts with two forward slashes (`//`) and continue until the end of the line. Anything following the slashes is ignored by the JavaScript interpreter. For example : 
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*_Single-line comments_: It starts with two forward slashes (`//`) and continue until the end of the line. Anything following the slashes is ignored by the JavaScript interpreter. For example:
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```javascript
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// This is a comment, it will be ignored by the interpreter
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let a ="this is a variable defined in a statement";
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```
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*Multi-line comments: It starts with a forward slash and an asterisk (`/*`) and end with an asterisk and a forward slash (`*/`). Anything between the opening and closing markers is ignored by the JavaScript interpreter. For example:
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*_Multi-line comments_: It starts with a forward slash and an asterisk (`/*`) and end with an asterisk and a forward slash (`*/`). Anything between the opening and closing markers is ignored by the JavaScript interpreter. For example:
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# Equality
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Programmers frequently need to determine the equality of variables in relation to other variables. This is done using an equality operator.
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The most basic equality operator is the `==` operator. This operator does everything it can to determine if two variables are equal, even if they are not of the same type.
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While writing a program we frequently need to determine the equality of variables in relation to other variables. This is done using an equality operator. The most basic equality operator is the `==` operator. This operator does everything it can to determine if two variables are equal, even if they are not of the same type.
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***String**: Strings are sequences of characters, represented by either single quotes (e.g., `'hello'`) or double quotes (e.g., `"world"`).
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***Boolean**: Booleans represent a true or false value. They can be written as `true` or `false` (without quotes).
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***Null**: The null type represents a null value, which means "no value." It can be written as `null` (without quotes).
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***Undefined**: The undefined type represents a value that has not been set. If a variable has been declared, but has not been assigned a value, it is undefined.
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***Undefined**: The undefined type represents a value that has not been set. If a variable has been declared, but has not been assigned a value, it is `undefined`.
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***Object**: An object is a collection of properties, each of which has a name and a value. You can create an object using curly braces (`{}`) and assigning properties to it using name-value pairs.
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***Array**: An array is a special type of object that can hold a collection of items. You can create an array using square brackets (`[]`) and assigning a list of values to it.
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***Function**: A function is a block of code that can be defined and then called by name. Functions can accept arguments (inputs) and return a value (output). You can create a function using the `function` keyword.
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*`null`
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*`undefined`
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A primitive data value is a simple data value with no additional properties and methods and is not an object. They are immutable, meaning that they can't be altered. There are 7 primitive data types:
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A primitive data value is a simple data value with no additional properties and methods, and is not an object. They are immutable, meaning that they can't be altered. There are 7 primitive data types:
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y = 5
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```
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The same is true for programming languages. In programming, variables are containers for values that change. Variables can hold all kinds of values and also the results of computations. Variables have a name and a value separated by an equals sign (=). Variable names can be any letter or word but bear in mind that there are restrictions from language to language of what you can use, as some words are reserved for other functionality.
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The same is true for programming languages. In programming, variables are containers for values that change. Variables can hold all kinds of values and also the results of computations. Variables have a `name` and a `value` separated by an equals sign (=). However, it is important to keep in mind that different programming languages have their own limitations and constraints on what can be used as variable names. This is because certain words may be reserved for specific functions or operations within the language.
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Let's check out how it works in Javascript, The following code defines two variables, computes the result of adding the two, and defines this result as a value of a third variable.
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Let's check out how it works in Javascript. The following code defines two variables, computes the result of adding the two, and defines this result as a value of a third variable.
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```javascript
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let x =5;
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{% endexercise %}
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**ES6 Version**
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ECMAScript 2015 or ES2015 also known as E6 is a significant update to the JavaScript programming language since 2009. In ES6 we have three ways of declaring variables. 
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[ECMAScript 2015 or ES2015](https://262.ecma-international.org/6.0/) also known as E6 is a significant update to the JavaScript programming language since 2009. In ES6 we have three ways of declaring variables. 
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```javascript
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var x =5;
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```
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`const` variables are immutable - they are not allowed to be re-assigned.
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`const` variables are immutable meaning that they are not allowed to be re-assigned.
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# Browser Object Model (BOM)
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The browser object model lets us interact with the browser window. `window` object represents the browser's window and is supported by all browsers.
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The browser object model lets us interact with the browser window. The `window` object represents the browser's window and is supported by all browsers.
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Object `window` is the default object for a browser, so we can specify `window` or call directly all the functions.
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