tos

See also: Appendix:Variations of "tos"

Translingual

Symbol

tos

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Highland Totonac.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Highland Totonac terms

Aragonese

Etymology

Pluralization of the second-person singular object pronoun te.

Pronoun

tos (Belsetán, Benasquese, Chistabín, Low Ribagorçan, Somontano, Tensino)

1. Second-person plural dative and accusative pronoun; you

Usage notes

• In Ribagorçan it takes the form to' before third-person pronouns and the adverbial pronoun en.

See also

Aragonese personal pronouns

				nominative	disjunctive	dative	accusative
first person	singular			yo	me, m'2
	plural	masculine		nusatros1.1		nos1.6
		feminine		nusatras1.1
second person	singular	familiar		tú	te, t'2
		formal		vusté,1.2 vos
	plural	familiar	masculine	vusatros1.3		vos, tos3
			feminine	vusatras1.3
		formal		vustés,1.2 vos
third person	singular	masculine		él1.4		le1.7	lo,1.8 l'2
		feminine		ella1.5			la
	plural	masculine		els, ellos1.4		les1.7	los1.9
		feminine		ellas1.5			las
	reflexive			—		se, s'2

1. The forms shown in the table are the most widespread ones. Some varieties use different forms:
   1. nusotros/as (Ansotano, Cheso, Somontanos) and nusaltros/as (Benasquese and Belsetán).
   2. usté(s) (Benasquese), ustet(z) (Ansotano), vustet(z) (Tensino, Somontanos)
   3. vusotros/as (Ansotano, Cheso, Somontanos) and vusaltros/as (Benasquese and Belsetán).
   4. ell(s) (Benasquese) and er(s) (Belsetán).
   5. era(s) (Belsetán).
   6. mos (Ribagorçan). Before third-person pronouns and the adverbial pronoun en the contracted form mo' is used.
   7. li(s) (Cheso, Tensino).
   8. el (Ribagorçan). The contracted form l' is used before verbs beginning with vowel sounds and 'l after pronouns ending in vowels and no (“no, not”).
   9. es, els (Ribagorçan). These forms are contracted to 's and 'ls after pronouns ending in vowels and no (“no, not”).
2. The contracted forms are used before verbs beginning with vowel sounds.
3. In Ribagorçan the contracted form to' is used before third-person pronouns and the adverbial pronoun en.

References

• “os”, in Aragonario, diccionario castellano–aragonés (in Spanish)

Asturian

Etymology 1

From Latin tussis, tussem, from Proto-Italic *tussis, from Proto-Indo-European *tud-ti-s (“cough”), from *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).

Alternative forms

• tus

Noun

tos f (plural tos)

1. cough (expulsion of air from the lungs)

Etymology 2

See to

Adjective

tos

1. plural of to

Catalan

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Catalan tos, from Latin tussis, from Proto-Italic *tussis.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtos]

• Audio (Catalonia):

  (file)

Noun

tos f (invariable)

1. cough

Derived terms

• estossegar
• tossera

Related terms

• tossir

Etymology 2

From tossa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtɔs]

Noun

tos m (plural tossos)

2. (anatomy) occiput

   Synonym: tossa

3. poll (top of the head of a horned animal)

   Synonym: cimera

4. (heraldry) caboshed head of an animal charge

   un tos de cérvol ― a stag's head caboshed

Alternative forms

• tòs (traditional Valencian spelling)

Derived terms

• tossut

Etymology 3

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *tōs, reduced form of Latin tuōs.

Pronunciation

• (Balearic, Central) IPA^(key): /tus/ (always unstressed)
• (Valencia) IPA^(key): /tos/ (always unstressed)

Determiner

tos

1. masculine plural of ton

Alternative forms

• tons (dialectal)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtos]

Participle

tos (feminine tosa, masculine plural tosos, feminine plural toses)

1. past participle of tondre

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtɔs]

Verb

tos

1. (Balearic) first-person singular present indicative of tossar

Further reading

• “tos” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
• “tos”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2025
• “tos”, in Diccionari de la llengua catalana [Dictionary of the Catalan Language] (in Catalan), second edition, Institute of Catalan Studies [Catalan: Institut d'Estudis Catalans], April 2007

Chavacano

Etymology

Inherited from Spanish tos.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtos/, [ˈt̪os]

Noun

tos

1. cough

Franco-Provençal

Determiner

tos

1. masculine plural of ton

French

Etymology 1

Acronym Très Obligé Successeur.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tos/

Noun

tos m (invariable, feminine tossette)

1. (slang) a first-year student at the École polytechnique

Etymology 2

Apheresis of portos, an apocope of Portugais.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tos/

Noun

tos m or f by sense (invariable)

1. (derogatory, slang) a Portuguese

Etymology 3

Either from Bambara to or Dyula too.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /to/

Noun

tos m

1. (cooking) variant plural of tô

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin tussis, tussem, from Proto-Italic *tussis, from Proto-Indo-European *tud-ti-s (“cough”), from *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).

Noun

tos m (plural tos)

1. cough

Related terms

• tossi
• tossude

German

Pronunciation

• Audio (Germany (Berlin)):

  (file)

Verb

tos

1. singular imperative of tosen
2. (colloquial) first-person singular present of tosen

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈtos/ [ˈt̪ɔs]
• Rhymes: -os
• Syllabification: tos

Etymology 1

Borrowed from English toss.

Noun

tos (plural tos-tos)

1. toss
   1. a throw, a lob, of a ball etc., with an initial upward direction, particularly with a lack of care.
   2. toss of a coin before a match

Derived terms

• mengetos

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English toast.

Verb

tos

1. to toast (to engage in a salutation, often with raising of the drinking vessel, while drinking an alcoholic beverage in honor of someone or something)

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Balinese [Term?]

Noun

tos (plural tos-tos)

1. descendant

   Synonym: keturunan

Further reading

• “tos”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Javanese

Romanization

tos

1. romanization of ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀

Latvian

Pronoun

tos

1. those; accusative plural masculine of tas

Lombard

Etymology

Akin to Venetan tóxo.

Noun

tos

1. boy

Old Javanese

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *teRas (“heartwood of a tree, hard, durable core of wood; ironwood tree”). Doublet of twas (“hardness; core, heart”).

Noun

tos

1. descendant, offspring
2. product

Descendants

• Javanese: ꦠꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (tos)

Further reading

• "tos" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish توز (toz, “dust”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtos/
• Rhymes: -os

Adjective

tos m or f or n (indeclinable)

1. only used in zahăr tos (“castor sugar”).

References

• “tos”, in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language) (in Romanian), 2004–2025

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish tos, from Latin tussem, tussis (“a cough”), from Proto-Italic *tussis, from Proto-Indo-European *tud-ti-s (“cough”), from *(s)tewd-, from *(s)tew- (“to push, hit”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtos/ [ˈt̪os]
• Rhymes: -os
• Syllabification: tos

Noun

tos f (plural toses)

1. cough

   tengo tos ― I have a cough

Derived terms

• golpe de tos
• más viejo que la tos
• pastilla para la tos
• tos convulsiva
• tos ferina
• tos perruna
• tosferina

Related terms

• toser
• tosferina

Further reading

• “tos”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 10 December 2024

Tok Pisin

Etymology 1

From English toast.

Noun

tos

1. toast

Etymology 2

From English torch.

Noun

tos

1. torch