Campos do Jordão
Campos do Jordão | |
|---|---|
| Municipality of Campos do Jordão | |
 Top left to bottom right: Aerial view of Capivari neighborhood; Vila Holandesa; Campos do Jodão city gate; Boulevard Geneve; Amantikir School; Djalma Forjaz Street; Amantikir Gardens; Home Green Home Hotel. | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Nickname: Brazilian Switzerland | |
 Location of Campos do Jordão in the state of São Paulo | |
  Campos do Jordão Location of Campos do Jordão in Brazil | |
| Coordinates: 22°44′20″S 45°35′27″W / 22.73889°S 45.59083°W | |
| Country |  Brazil |
| Region | Southeast |
| State |  São Paulo |
| Metropolitan Region | Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte |
| Founded | April 29, 1874 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Carlos Eduardo Pereira da Silva Republicanos |
| Area | |
• Total | 290.520 km2 (112.170 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,628 m (5,341 ft) |
| Population (2020)[1] | |
• Total | 52,405 |
| • Density | 164.76/km2 (426.7/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-3 (BRT) |
| Postal Code | 12460-000 |
| Area code | +55 12 |
| HDI (2010) | 0.749 – high[2] |
| Website | www |
Campos do Jordão (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkɐ̃puz du ʒoʁˈdɐ̃w]) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in southeastern Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte.[3] The population is 52,405 (2020 est.) in an area of 290.52 square kilometres (112.17 sq mi).[4] The city is situated 1,628 metres (5,341 ft) above sea level and is the highest city in Brazil.[5]
There are numerous outdoor activities for tourists and winter residents. These include hiking, mountain climbing, treetop cable swings (arborismo), horseback riding, and ATV and motorbike riding. July, of winter season vacations, sees an enormous influx of visitors (more than quadrupling the city's population), due in part to the winter festival of classical music.[citation needed]
Its attractions throughout the year include German, Swiss and Italian cuisine restaurants, bars, and a cable car. There are many pousadas (inns) and chalets. Also, in order to cater to the large number of visitors, several bars, lounges, discos and clubs open during the winter months.[citation needed]
Demography
[edit]- Total Population: 51,454
- Population Density (inhabitants/km2): 152.86
- Infant Mortality (0 to one year old) (per one thousand): 8.52
- Life Expectancy (years): 75.73
- Total Fertility Rate (Children per Woman): 2.18
- Literacy Rate: 92.28%
- Human Development Index (IHDI): 0.820
- IHDI-M Income: 0.763
- IHDI-M Life Expectancy: 0.846
- IHDI-M Education: 0.851
| Race | Percentage |
|---|---|
| White | 83.9% |
| Multiracial | 12.2% |
| Black | 2.3% |
| Asian | 0.5% |
(Source: IPEADATA)
Economy
[edit]The city's economy is based mainly on tourism; due to its location at high elevation in the Mantiqueira Mountains, and traditional European-style architecture. Buildings are mostly vernacular architecture from German, Swiss, or Italian models. Many of the wealthiest residents in the state of São Paulo have winter country houses here.
Despite the high income of many visitors, the HDI (0.820 in 2004) of Campos do Jordão is not very high because the owners of the houses in the best neighbourhoods are not regular inhabitants; these houses are used only during the holidays. The city can be reached from São Paulo mainly by road through the Rodovia Floriano Rodrigues Pinheiro. There is also a picturesque railroad from Pindamonhangaba, used mostly by tourists. At the end of the main road going through Campos do Jordão, there is a state park called Horto Florestal.
Geography
[edit]
The municipality contains the 8,341-hectare (20,610-acre) Campos do Jordão State Park, created in 1941.[6]
It contains the 503-hectare (1,240-acre) Mananciais de Campos do Jordão State Park, created in 1993 to protect the water supply of the municipal seat.[7] It also contains the 28,800-hectare (71,000-acre) Campos do Jordão Environmental Protection Area, created in 1984.[8]
The Mantiqueira Mountains provide unique panoramic views, and the municipality's region still has undeveloped old growth Atlantic Forest habitat. The native Brazilian Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia) is found here.
A former state governor had a winter residence in the city, the Boa Vista Palace, which is now a museum in the city.[9]
The city is located in the northeastern side of the State of São Paulo, bordering Minas Gerais in the north. Campos do Jordão is at a distance of 180 km (112 miles) from the City of São Paulo, 334 km (208 miles) from the City of Rio de Janeiro, and 486 km (302 miles) from Belo Horizonte.
Campos do Jordão is located on a crystalline plateau where the High Felds are located (in Portuguese: Altos Campos) formed from the quaternary, increasing the geomorphological risks with the increase of urbanization and seen inadequate occupations as in straight slopes.[10] These areas may be at risk of landslide. The municipality has rounded topos and amphitheaters where organic clay is found due to erosive processes and due to this constitution its characteristic is the concentration of water.[11]
Climate
[edit] | This section may be confusing or unclear to readers. In particular, the precipitation table below lays out data that doesn't paint a useful picture of the town's average rainfall. (September 2025) |
|
| Highest 24-hour precipitation totals for Campos do Jordão, by month (INMET, 1961–present)[12][needs update] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Month | Total | Date |
| January | 121.1 mm (4.77 in) | January 24, 1963 |
| February | 96.3 mm (3.79 in) | February 6, 1963 |
| March | 146.7 mm (5.78 in) | March 10, 1965 |
| April | 90.6 mm (3.57 in) | April 29, 1965 |
| May | 108.4 mm (4.27 in) | May 25, 2005 |
| June | 71 mm (2.8 in) | June 9, 1978 |
| July | 74.4 mm (2.93 in) | July 25, 2007 |
| August | 60.6 mm (2.39 in) | August 20, 1965 |
| September | 75.4 mm (2.97 in) | September 6, 1983 |
| October | 129.5 mm (5.10 in) | October 14, 1995 |
| November | 102.8 mm (4.05 in) | November 20, 1971 |
| December | 111.4 mm (4.39 in) | December 24, 1971 |
Campos do Jordão features a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Cfll),[13] characterized by warm to mild summers, cool winters and a fairly comfortable and pleasant climate year-round.[14][15][16]
Despite being situated at a higher elevation than some of the highest portions of the state of Santa Catarina, the city still enjoys comparatively warmer winters on average, given its lower latitude. Over extended periods of time, the area also sees sporadic snowfall, which is associated with the drier mid-year air currents. Given its mild-temperature montane ecosystem, the Araucaria pine, commonly associated with Brazil's southernmost region, naturally grows around the area, specially along the higher grounds of the Mantiqueira Mountains.[16][17][15] The city's average annual evapotranspiration rate is one of the lowest in the state of São Paulo, which can lead to water shortages during the drier periods of the year.[18]
The average annual precipitation is approximately 1850 mm (72.83 in), with the majority of it falling in December and January.[19] The averaged daily mean temperature for the city is 14.5 °C (58.1 °F); while there are many colder cities in Brazil, the prolonged duration of cooler weather in Campos do Jordão tends to result in lower average temperatures than other municipalities like Curitiba, Lages or Canela.[20][19] Temperatures can drop below 0 °C (32 °F) in winter, reaching a few degrees above freezing inside the Paraíba Valley, while apparent temperatures may be even lower. Occasionally, average winter temperatures may also rise and remain above freezing, as was the case in 1999.[21][22][relevant?] Despite the high altitude, the overall local weather conditions do not allow for regular snowfall, though it isn't an impossibility: snow occurrences, although rare, have been accounted for in 1928,[23] 1942,[24] 1947[citation needed] and 1966.[citation needed] These events appear to have occurred at intervals of approximately two decades; however, snowfall episodes of this nature have seemingly ceased in recent times. Additionally, while recorded dates for snowfall are not unanimously agreed upon, the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), in operation since 1944, has not documented any instances of snowflakes in the area.[25]
According to data from INMET, the record low temperature ever recorded in Campos do Jordão was -7.2 °C (19.04 °F), on June 6, 1988.[26] Furthermore, according to the Forecast Center (CPTEC), the winter for that year was also the coldest on record. In contrast, between 2008 and 2018, the lowest temperature recorded was a considerably warmer -3.8 °C (25.16 °F), indicating that urbanization can significantly lessen colder conditions.[27] Prior to 1988, unofficial records show even lower temperatures: -7.4 °C (18.68 °F) on June 26, 1918, -8 °C (17.6 °F) on July 25, 1923,[28] and -8.7 °C (16.34 °F) in July 1926.[29] During the same period, the record high temperature was 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) on September 17, 1961. Temperatures also reached 30 °C (86 °F) on two other occasions: September 21, 1961, and October 14, 1963, though limited data is available.[30] During winter, colder temperatures are more common in June and July, even though theytypically rise above freezing in the afternoon, while ultimately remaining cool. September and April are generally considered to be consisted of more pleasant days, with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) being rare occurrences.[31]
The highest 24-hour precipitation total in Campos do Jordão was 146.7 mm (5.77 in) on March 10, 1965. Other significant precipitation events include 129 mm (5.07 in) on October 14, 1995, 121.1 mm (4.76 in) on January 24, 1964, 118.2 mm (4.65 in) on March 8, 1966, 111.4 mm (4.38 in) on December 24, 1971, 108.4 mm (4.26 in) on May 25, 2005, 106.4 mm (4.18 in) on December 14, 1971, 104.2 mm (4.10 in) on December 2, 1963, 102.8 mm (4.04 in) on November 20, 1971, and 101.2 mm (3.98 in) on December 22, 1966.[32] The highest ever precipitation month in Campos do Jordão was December 1971, with a recorded total of 606.6 mm (23.88 in).[33] Interestingly, Christmas Day has the highest average rainfall in Campos do Jordão, with a 75% chance of precipitation; this trend of high rainfall continues throughout December and January.[31] It is also noted that 75% of total annual rainfall in Campos do Jordão occurs between spring and summer, although variations in altitude and the urban distribution amongst valleys elicit small fluctuations in the total precipitation across the municipality, with humidity levels decreasing towards the interior of the plateau.[34]
The local seasonal variation of cloudiness is also remarked upon: from the beginning of April to the middle of October, the city sees the most sunlight, with the end of August experiencing the least cloud cover, allowing for up to 70% clear skies. The remainder of the year tends to be cloudier, with mid-January seeing up to 77% overcast skies. The duration between the shortest and longest days of the year typically aligns with astronomical cycles.[citation needed]
For the latter half of the year, stronger winds are usually recorded, particularly between September and October, with average speeds of 8 km/h (4.97 mph). In contrast, the period between February and March is characterized by calmer winds, with average speeds of 6 km/h (3.73 mph). Northernly winds prevail for about two-thirds of the year, especially from late April all through September. Easternly winds, the second most common, occur for nearly four months of the year.[31]
| Climate data for Campos do Jordão (Vila Capivari), elevation: 1642 m (5387.1 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1961–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.0 (84.2) |
28.6 (83.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
30.5 (86.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.5 (72.5) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
20.4 (68.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
21.6 (70.9) |
22.0 (71.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
17.0 (62.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
12.6 (54.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
16.4 (61.5) |
17.0 (62.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
5.3 (41.5) |
4.6 (40.3) |
5.1 (41.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
0.7 (33.3) |
0.3 (32.5) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 253.1 (9.96) |
206.0 (8.11) |
196.7 (7.74) |
85.5 (3.37) |
82.5 (3.25) |
38.0 (1.50) |
45.9 (1.81) |
38.3 (1.51) |
85.8 (3.38) |
133.0 (5.24) |
160.6 (6.32) |
240.0 (9.45) |
1,565.4 (61.63) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 21 | 16 | 17 | 9 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 135 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86.1 | 87.1 | 87.5 | 87.2 | 86.9 | 85.3 | 84.5 | 80.9 | 81.5 | 84.2 | 83.8 | 86.8 | 85.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 106.4 | 93.6 | 99.8 | 122.9 | 137.2 | 157.9 | 180.3 | 177.9 | 123.8 | 137.2 | 128.0 | 97.6 | 1,562.6 |
| Source 1: INMET[35] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[36] | |||||||||||||
Media
[edit]In telecommunications, the city was serviced by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began being serviced by Telecomunicações de São Paulo.[37] In turn, this company was acquired by Telefónica in July 1998, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.[38]
The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).[38]
Gallery
[edit]-
City entrance -
Panoramic view of the district of Capivari -
The Home Green Home Hotel -
View from Morro do Elefante -
Photo taken with a tilt-shift lens -
Vila Capivari district -
A square -
A square -
Tram rail -
Tram rail -
Campos do Jordão railroad -
The Cristallo di Pietro Hotel -
An artisan chocolate shop -
The Villa D'Biagy Inn -
Palácio Boa Vista, the winter residence of the Governor of São Paulo -
View from Alto do Capivari -
Pedra do Baú State Park, near Campos do Jordão -
Panorama -
A pedestrian street -
Shops and restaurants -
Outdoor restaurants at night -
The city during the Southern Hemisphere winter session -
The Aspen Mall in Vila Capivari district -
Brazilian Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia) and local Atlantic Forest habitat, in Campos do Jordão municipality
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See also
[edit]References
[edit] |
- ^ IBGE 2020
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Lei Complementar nº 1.166, de 09 de janeiro de 2012". www.al.sp.gov.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2025-09-03.
- ^ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
- ^ "IBGE disponibiliza coordenadas e altitudes para 21.304 localidades brasileiras" [IBGE provides coordinates and altitudes to 21,304 Brazilian locations] (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Retrieved September 10, 2012.
- ^ Sobre o Parque (in Portuguese), SAP: Sistema Ambiental Paulista, archived from the original on 2016-10-01, retrieved 2016-09-27
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ Parque Estadual Mananciais de Campos do Jordão (in Portuguese), SAP: Sistema Ambiental Paulista, archived from the original on 2017-05-04, retrieved 2016-10-01
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link) - ^ "APA Campos do Jordao - Sistema Ambiental Paulista - Governo de SP". www.ambiente.sp.gov.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2016-10-02. Retrieved 2025-09-03.
- ^ "Palácio Boa Vista" [Boa Vista Palace]. The Artistic-Cultural Collection of the Governmental Palaces of the State of São Paulo. Archived from the original on 2012-11-29. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
- ^ Hiruma, Silvio Takashi; Modenesi-Gauttieri, May Christine (2004-12-01). "A expansão urbana no planalto de Campos do Jordão: diagnóstico geomorfológico para fins de planejamento". Revista do Instituto Geológico. 25 (1–2): 1–28. doi:10.5935/0100-929X.20040001. ISSN 2176-1892.
- ^ Coutinho, Marcos Pellegrini; Londe, Luciana de Resende; Soriano, Érico (2017-09-08). "Percepção do Risco de Moradores de Áreas Suscetíveis a Movimentos de Massa No Município de Campos do Jordão-Sp". Boletim de Geografia (in Portuguese). 35 (3): 12–25. doi:10.4025/bolgeogr.v35i3.31826. ISSN 2176-4786.
- ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - precipitação (mm) - Campos do Jordão". Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (in Portuguese). 2014.[dead link]
- ^ "Climatic characteristics of Campos do Jordão". Mindat. Retrieved 2025-03-02.
- ^ Velloso Galvão, Marília (January–March 1967). "Regiões bioclimáticas do Brasil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Geografia (v.29, n. 1).
- ^ a b "Campos do Jordão, Sao Paulo Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ a b Dubreuil, Vincent; Fante, Karime Pechutti; Planchon, Olivier; Neto, João Lima Sant'anna (2018-09-24). "Os tipos de climas anuais no Brasil : uma aplicação da classificação de Köppen de 1961 a 2015". Confins. Revue franco-brésilienne de géographie / Revista franco-brasilera de geografia (in French). 37 (37). doi:10.4000/confins.15738. hdl:11449/186498. ISSN 1958-9212.
- ^ Velloso Galvão, Marília (January–March 1967). "Regiões bioclimáticas do Brasil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Geografia (v.29, n. 1). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2022.
- ^ "CIIAGRO - Centro integrado de informações agrometeorológicas". www.ciiagro.sp.gov.br. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ a b "INMET - Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia". www.inmet.gov.br. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ Damasceno B. Valeriano, Diana (November 2013). "Análise multiescala da distribuição espacial da Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze no Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão - SP" (PDF). Laboratório Associado de Sensores e Materiais. INPE. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "Revista Turismo - Campos do Jordão - SP". www.revistaturismo.com.br. Archived from the original on 2019-01-21. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "Folha Online - Cotidiano - Temperatura em Campos do Jordão pode chegar a 5°C - 24/05/2002". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "AS NEVES DE CAMPOS DO JORDÃO E DA SERRA DA MANTIQUEIRA". DADOS METEOROLÓGICOS METEOROLOGICAL DATA (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2015-05-23. Archived from the original on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "É Possível nevar nos estados do RJ, SP, MG, e ES - Categoria - Notícias Climatempo". www.climatempo.com.br. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ Bartolomei, Marcelo. "Folha Online - Cotidiano - Meteorologistas divergem sobre possibilidade de neve em Campos do Jordão - 21/07/2000". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura mínima (°C) - Campos do Jordão". www.inmet.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "Inverno de 1988 foi o mais rigoroso da história em Campos do Jordão, diz Cptec". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 July 2018. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "Fotografias - Inverno em Campos do Jord%E3o - Campos do Jordão Cultura". www.camposdojordaocultura.com.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ Alberto, Carlos (September 17, 2010). "Temperatura de 8,7 graus abaixo de zero em Campos do Jordão no ano de 1926". Meteorologia e Clima.
- ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura máxima (°C) - Campos do Jordão". www.inmet.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ a b c "Clima característico em Campos do Jordão, Brasil durante o ano - Weather Spark". pt.weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - precipitação (mm) - Campos do Jordão". www.inmet.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - dados mensais - precipitação total (mm) - Campos do Jordão". www.inmet.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ Nunes, Lucí Hidalgo; Modenesi-Gauttieri, May Christine (1998-12-01). "Processos geocriogênicos quaternários nas cimeiras da Mantiqueira, com considerações climáticas". Revista do Instituto Geológico (in Portuguese). 19 (1–2): 19–30. doi:10.5935/0100-929X.19980003. ISSN 2176-1892.
- ^ "Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- ^ "Station Campos do Jordão" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- ^ "Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973". www.imprensaoficial.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-05-26.
- ^ a b "Our History - Telefônica RI". Telefônica. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
External links
[edit]
- (in Portuguese) Official Campos do Jordão website
- (in Portuguese) Official Campos do Jordão and Region Convention & Visitors Bureau
- (in Portuguese) Buscacamposdojordao.com: Search engine exclusively for Campos do Jordão
- (in Portuguese) NetCampos - Commercial site with quality useful information
- (in Portuguese) Blog Campos do Jordão
- (in Portuguese) Mapadecamposdojordao.com: Google map of Campos do Jordão — with some locales indicated.
- (in Portuguese) EncontraCamposdoJordão - Find everything about Campos do Jordão
- (in Portuguese) Campos Listagem - all about Campos do Jordão
- (in Portuguese) Guia Vale do Paraíba - O que fazer em Campos do Jordão
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